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How to Grow Soybeans?
Soybean cultivation is considered an important agricultural activity worldwide. Soybeans are preferred by farmers because they increase soil fertility by providing nitrogen to the soil and are a suitable plant for crop rotation. Warm and humid climates are generally preferred for its cultivation, but it can be successfully grown in many different climatic conditions. The soybean plant is usually grown from seed and involves a series of agricultural application processes starting with seed sowing. Steps such as soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pest control, and harvesting are important for successful soybean cultivation. Since soybeans contain a high proportion of protein, they are used both in human nutrition and as animal feed. Additionally, many products such as soybean oil, flour, and meal are obtained for industrial use. Soybean cultivation also provides economic benefits to farmers, increasing agricultural income and providing an important source of raw materials for the food industry.
Climate and Soil Structure in Soybean Cultivation
When Are Soybeans Planted?
The planting time for soybeans is determined as the time when the soil temperature reaches an average of 10°C. Soybeans grown as a main crop should generally be planted as soon as possible starting from mid-April in all regions. This period represents the time when the soil temperature reaches the appropriate level and the plant can germinate healthily. For soybeans planted as a second crop, the planting time is more limited. Second crop soybean planting is done by the first week of July at the latest. This is important for the plant to have sufficient growth and development time.
How to Plant Soybeans?
Soybeans should be planted at a depth of 2-3 cm in a previously prepared seedbed. There should be approximately 40-45 thousand plants per decare. Therefore, row spacing and on-row distances can be around 70x3 or 50x5 cm. If row-to-row processing by machine does not cause difficulty, the row spacing can be 40-45 cm. In this case, the on-row distance will be 5-6 cm. The amount of seed to be sown per decare varies depending on the size of the seeds. If the seeds are large, it is calculated as 7-7.5 kg; if they are small, it is 6-6.5 kg. A germination capacity of at least 90% for the seeds is important for a productive harvest.
Fertilization in Soybean Cultivation
Fertilization in soybean production is vital for efficient production. As a leguminous plant, soybeans have special characteristics that allow them to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. However, nitrogen deficiency may occur depending on past soybean planting or transfer. In this case, Nitrogen fertilizer can be applied before or during planting. Phosphorus is important during the root development and growth period of the soybean plant. Phosphorus fertilizer supplementation is recommended along with planting. Turkish soils generally contain sufficient amounts of Potassium. Therefore, extra top dressing fertilizer is not necessary. The presence of micronutrients in the soil is also important. Soil analysis should be conducted to determine the nutrient content, and deficiencies should be corrected with correct fertilization.
How to Irrigate Soybeans?
The soybean plant needs 500-600 tons of water per decare throughout its growth period. This amount of water must be constantly present in the soil from initial planting until harvest. The irrigation process generally continues by dividing the field into basins. The first irrigation is done when the plant reaches a height of about 8-10 cm. Otherwise, the plant height remains short and the first pod flowers are low. This can lead to yield losses. The beginning of flowering and pod formation periods are the times when soybeans need water the most. The second and third irrigations should be done during these periods.
Soybean Harvest
Harvesting is carried out during the period when the soybean plant turns completely yellow, its leaves drop, the pods dry, and the grains harden. At this stage, the grains should contain a maximum of 13% moisture. This moisture rate is important for maintaining quality during the storage and processing of the grains. Therefore, the harvest time should be carefully determined and the moisture content of the grains should be checked regularly.
How Much Soybean Yield per 1 Decare?
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